Statistics and Programming
This is the second article of two part article series on handling date and time data in R. You can read the first article here. When date and time data are imported into R they will often default to a character string. This requires us to convert strings to dates. We may also have multiple …
A time series is a list of observations ordered successively over time. In a time series, observations are often recorded at evenly-spaced intervals, such as daily, weekly, monthly, and so on. This is a first article of two part article series on handling date and time data in R. In this article we will look …
String manipulation refers to the process of modifying, analyzing, or transforming strings, into useful form for analysis. This is a fundamental aspect of programming and is used in various applications, such as data processing, text analysis, and user input handling. R has powerful repertoire of functions for string manipulation. These functions are used in Pattern …
String Manipulation in R – turning text into useful form for analysis Read More »
Character vectors in R are used to store text data. R also provides a variety of built-in functions to deal with character vectors. Perhaps the most basic thing we can do with texts is to view them. R provides several ways to view texts in the console. In this article, we will look at some …
Mastering Text Output in R: From Basics to Advanced Techniques Read More »
Heatmaps are used to show relationships between two variables, one plotted on each axis. By observing how cell colors change across each axis, you can observe if there are any patterns in value for one or both variables. Here is an example of heat map. This is called as Risk Map. It shows the likelihood …
Unlocking Insights: Visualizing Data with Heatmaps for Clearer Correlations Read More »
A line chart, connects a series of data points using a line. Line chart also displays sequential values to help you identify trends. In business, Line chart is widely used to display the time series data. Have a look at the line chart for Air passengers data set. This line chart clearly shows an upward …
In R, for loop is used to repeat evaluating an expression with an iterator on list or vector. In practice, for loop is almost the last choice because an alternative way is much cleaner and easier to write and read when each iteration is independent of each other. following code uses for loop to create …
when starting to use R, most R users use loops whenever they need to iterate over elements of vector, list or data frame. For e.g. if we are interested in the mean of all the numeric columns of the built-in iris data set, we could type, four times mean(iris$Sepal.Length), with each input variable name changing …
Histograms and Density Plots show the distribution of the data. We can also show the distribution of a data using few critical points in the data set. These critical points are called as quantile values which are used to get impression of the whole distribution. Box plot (or box-whisker plot) is simple way to show …
Bar charts are used to show the comparison of numeric values of a categorical variable. For e.g. sale of different products in financial year. Here Sale is numeric value and product name is categorical value. The height of bar is proportional to the value of the variable. Bar charts are also used to show the …
